---

  A total of 6000 people are infected with Malaria in Iran annually. Sistan& Baluchistan province is ranked in the first place in the country. A before-after intervention was conducted in 2011 in Chabahar city, Iran. Eleven questions were used to assess cognitive skills, 8 questions were to assess attitude skills and 6 questions were used for measuring behavioral skills. Three hundred participants were enrolled from three districts of Chabahar regional area. Chi-Square, independent & paired T-test and one-way ANOVA were performed for data analysis using SPSS software. The cognitive skills were increased significantly from 6.04 to 8.8 after intervention. The attitude skills were increased significantly from 15.8 to 18.2 following intervention. Among the behavioral skills, all of them (Using anti-mosquito net at nights, referring to the health facilities once the fever occurred, receiving all the medications if infected, sleeping under anti-mosquito net when infected, trying to dry the waste water and attending the malaria-related training courses) improved after the intervention. Perceived behavioral control was increased from 10.4 to 12.1 significantly. Subjective norms were enhanced significantly from 10.4 to 12.4. Mean behavioral intense was increased significantly from 10.4 to 12.1.The findings demonstrated that implementing educational intervention programs can increase the level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of community regarding malaria preventive initiatives.

---

 

  Dietary habits and patterns form in childhood and remain until the end of life. Children need nutrition education to obtain necessary skills to select the correct food. The research was performed the effects of peer education based on Health Belief Model on nutrition behaviors in primary school boys in Zahedan city in 2011-2012.In the quasi-experimental study, 217 male students at the fourth grade of elementary school were selected via simple multi-stage random sampling and divided into two intervention and control groups. A questionnaire in pre-testing was completed by two groups. Based on these results, need assessment was done and educational intervention was performed through questions and answers technique by trained peers on intervention group. The training meeting was 45 minutes. Post-test was conducted 2 months later. The collected data were inserted in SPSS software and analyzed by the statistical independent t-test, paired t-test, Pearson Correlation test, and regression analysis.The results showed thatbefore intervention, mean scores of knowledge, perceived benefits, barriers, susceptibility and severity, and self-efficacy were not significantly different between the two groups. After training, scores of all variables in intervention group significantly increased. Regression model, including behavior as the dependent variable and awareness, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, and self-efficacy as predictors, was significance. The results showed that the model-based nutrition education through peers has a positive impact on the nutrition behavior of students. Therefore, designing training programs based on the model can be effective on students' nutritional behavior with emphasis on perceived benefits.

---

  The values are the frameworks to legitimize human behaviors and to conceptualize socio-cultural phenomena. Normalizing human behavior values are formed through three main bases including cognitive, motivate, and arbitrary ones. Therefore, the normative values would shape through cognitive, motivate, and arbitrary foundations. Behavior formation and stabilization happen in the process of socialization. The socialization is the complex learning process based on reciprocal interactions through which individual behavior is moderated so as to meet the group expectations. In other words, the socialization changes the behavior values to normative behavior. Thus, the health behaviors values can be normalized through socialization.

---

Despite the benefits of physical activity, women are less physically active than men in most areas. The transtheoretical model is known as a comprehensive model in the field of sport. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy with physical activity stages of change among housewives. In the cross-sectional study, 220 housewives aged 19 to 52 were studied. Sampling of the first block was done through simple random method then sampling continued in other blocks according to sampling number by referring to the doors of the houses and those who wished, entered into the study until the sampling was completed. Data collection was performed by a researcher-made questionnaire whose academic value was determined by content validity, and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was carried out by SPSS - 18. The results of this study showed that self-efficacy could predict physical activity stages of change. 5.5% of the participants were at pre-contemplation level, 44.1% at contemplation level, 38.6% at preparation level, 4.1% at action level, and 7.7% were at maintenance level. Significant differences were observed between self-efficacy and stages of change (P<0/001) and self-efficacy and education level (P<0.05) but no significant difference was observed between self-efficacy and age. According to the results of the study, self-efficacy had a significant impact on physical activity engagements therefore, practical actions should be taken to enhance self-efficacy by relevant institutions.

---

Diabetes, as the most common disease caused by metabolic disorders, is an important global challenge. This disease needs a lifelong self-care throughout one's life, so this study aimed to determine the effect of health belief model based on educational program on reduction of HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic females. This study is a quasi-experimental. The samples were 138 diabetic female into two case (n=69)and control groups (n=69).Data was collected via a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed. The checklist was according to their reports and tests (HbA1c). Before the educational intervention, the checklist was completed by the two case and control groups. Then, the case samples received required educations in 5 sessions for one month. The educational program consisted of lecture, question and answer, group discussion and film screening. After 3 months, both groups completed the questionnaire and the checklist. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software and appropriate tests. This study results showed that the mean scores of HBM structures in groups, before and after the educational intervention, have a statistically significant difference. Reduction of HbA1c levels in two studied groups was significant (from 9.63 mg/l before the intervention to 8.30mg/l at 3 months after training). Health belief model based on educational program reduces the HbA1c in diabetic patients. Therefore, training in the framework of this model should be further considered by nurses and health care centers.

---

Kids behaviors rea the main concerns in education system and families in all communities.the Aim of This study examined the relationship between social acceptance and academic self-efficacy with bullying in secondary school students in Gonabad.this article was descriptive-corelation.statical universe incloud all of secondary school students in Gonabad in numbers 2310 people thus all of them, 330 student by cluster sampeling were selected and Reply the bullying questionnaire olweus (1996), academic self-efficacy Jinks & Morgan (1999), social acceptance Crown and Marlow (1960) gaint data examint by statistic methods: pierson correlation coefficient and analyze concurrent regresion. All of phases calculate with Spss 20. Results showed that between social acceptance and academic efficacy positively related to bullying behavior there. Relationship Between social acceptance and academic self-efficacy was also significant. According to the statistical results, Conclusion state ighh social acceptance and academic self-efficacy, increased bullying behavior.

---

Introduction: With the emerging of positive psychology, the attention of psychologists shifted from mental illness towards the predictors of mental health and its promotion strategies. This study presents a model to explain students' mental health based on goal orientation, hope and spiritual well-being. Methods: The study sample included 374 patients (150 females and 224 males) with an age range of 18 to 50 years, average 24.97 and SD 6.27 that were selected via multistage sampling method among Hamadan Islamic Azad University and responded to goal orientation, hope, spiritual well-being and mental health questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS.16 and LISREL 8.5. Results: the results showed that there is significant correlation between goal orientation with hope and spiritual well-being, also between hope with spiritual well-being and mental health and spiritual well-being with mental health. The results of path way analysis showed that the designed model for explanation of mental health was fit with data (AGFI=0.98, RMSEA=0.00, NFI=0.98). In fitted model goal orientation have direct impact on hope and well-being, hope have direct impact on spiritual well-being and indirect impact on mental health finally well-being have direct impact on mental health. Conclusion: students' who are goal oriented have higher hope and hopeful students' have higher spiritual well-being as well as higher mental health.

---

---

Most high risk behavior form in adolescence. Unhealthy behavior such as unhealthy food habits, non physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and non safe sexual behavior establish in this critical period. Since the formation of the three domains of behavior can be influenced by behavioral, interpersonal, and environmental, exploring high-risk behaviors root among adolescents in socio -cultural infrastructure would be important. A qualitative content analysis has been used. Open semi structured Interviews were conducted until data saturation. These three categories have been emerged: parent communication, peer communication. A high risk behavior as abnormal behavior has interwoven causes. Therefore, peer role in communicative structure regarding to environmental and social institutions such as family and school is beyond of individual factors.

---

Impulsivity and aggression are the most challengeable problems both for adolescent and his/her parents. There are many interventions, medical or behavioral, for management and control of these situations. Mindfulness is cognitive-behavior intervention that can be effective, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness in reduction of levels of impulsivity and aggression in adolescents. This is a pre-post experimental with control group study. The statistical community consists of all adolescents, who were at Tehran high schools between years 2011-12. 50 (25 control group, 25 experimental group) girl students (15-17 years old) were chosen randomly according to multiple stage cluster sampling method. In order to gathering data, Barat Impulsivity Scale & Aggression questionnaire were used. Mindfulness is based on stress reduction and cognitive-behavior therapy (8 weekly sessions). The validity of mindfulness was examined (20 adolescents), before the main study. The levels of aggression and impulsivity were assessed, after this intervention. Co-variance analysis and was used for data analysis. Results indicate that the effectiveness of Mindfulness in reduction of levels of aggression and impulsivity.

---

Today, work-family issues have gained special importance to employees, families, and organizations. Work–family conflict is an inter–role conflict in which work and family demands are mutually incompatible and creates stress and numerous problems. So, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of work–family conflict management model in life satisfaction of male employees. The statistical population included all male employees of the bank in Tehran. In this study 30 male employees were selected and randomly divided into the experimental group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The experimental group underwent six–sessions of work–family conflict management program and the control group did not receive any intervention. It is noteworthy that after two months from pretest applying, participants from both groups underwent the pretest. The results showed a significance difference in life satisfaction between the experimental and control groups after the intervention. So, the results of this study could be explained by the fact that work-life conflict management practices are skills that are designed to reduce work-life conflict and enable employees to be more effective in their roles of work and life. Also, program practices enhance employees’ autonomy and increase their capacity to perform well in work–family situation.

---

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional problems during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of education based on health belief model to promote preventive behaviors against iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women. The study was performed on 80 pregnant women that were randomized equally into the experimental and control groups. A self-administered questionnaire based on health belief model constructs was applied to gather data. The experimental group received two educational sessions. The mean age of women was 27.96±5.6 years and mean gestational age was 16.6±1 weeks. Before the intervention, no significant differences in terms of demographic characteristics and health belief model constructs were found between the groups, while after the intervention, the scores of health belief model were different significantly between the control and experimental groups . Since the results of the study indicated the applicability of health belief model to promote nutritional behavior in regard to anemia in pregnancy, implementing health belief model based educational sessions in health centers is suggested to reduce complications of this problem.

---

Healthy eating habits can reduce the risk of several chronic diseases and decrease overall mortality in women by 11%. Regarding the crucial role of women in feeding the family, we investigated the effect of education in healthy cooking behavior of rural women by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A sample of native women in rural areas of Chabahar (n=152), who aged 12-75 years old, were selected by multistage sampling. Pre and post intervention measures of TPB variables, knowledge, and behavior were conducted via questionnaire. The educational intervention was performed with the help of high school girl students for the intervention group. There were positive significant changes in healthy cooking behavior intention, knowledge, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavior in the intervention group, while none of these changes were significant in the control group. The results suggest that educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior can be effective in healthy cooking behavior of rural women of Chabahar.

---

Psychological hardiness is protective against life difficulties. Hence, it is important to find methods for its improvement. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of transactional analysis group training in increasing psychological hardiness among married women. This study was a quasi-experimental researched designed as pretest-posttest with control group. Statistical population consisted of all married women referring to Counseling Center. 30 women were selected through convenience sampling. They were assigned to experimental and control groups. Personal views survey questionnaire was utilized for data collection. The results showed that there were significant differences between control and experimental groups after the intervention; so it can be said that transactional analysis training increased psychological hardiness in the experimental group. According to the findings of this study,According to the findings of this study, transactional analysis can increase psychological hardiness and can be used as an effective clinical intervention by therapists

---

Job burnout can reduce job performance. The present study aimed to investigate the job burnout syndrome and its effective factors among military personnel. In this cross-sectional study, 930 military personnel from different areas were selected via cluster sampling. For data collection, the job burnout questionnaire and the job description index were used. The findings showed that 33.8 percent of the personnel were at a low level, 46.5 at a moderate level, and 19.7 percent at an intense level of emotional exhaustion. Considering depersonalization dimension, 51.7 percent were at low level, 37.7 at the moderate level, and 10.5 percent at an intense level. Finally, regarding the lack of personal accomplishment, 47.8 percent were at low level, 31.1 at the moderate level, and 21.1 percent at an intense level. The results of MANOVA showed a significant difference with respect to job burnout among the personnel based on demographic characteristics. Finally, the results revealed a significant relationship between job description index, job burnout, and its components. Accordingly, managers and authorities are suggested to pay more attention to the effective factors influencing job burnout among military personnel.

---

Background: Despite several benefits, research has found that problematic smartphone use is positively associated with behavioral problems. However, the internal mechanisms underlying this relationship need further investigation. So, the current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of sleep disturbance in the relationship between problematic smartphone use and aggression.
Methods: The research design was descriptive-correlational. Also, the study population included the male university students of the Islamic Azad University of South Tehran Branch in the academic year of 2019-2020. Using the convenience sampling method, a total number of 213 participants from two faculties (Faculty of Human Sciences and Faculty of Law and Political Sciences) were selected and tested by Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Then, the Pearson correlation and path analysis were conducted to analyze the data. 
Results: The results revealed the significant and direct effects of problematic smartphone use on aggression (β=0.12, P<0.05), sleep quality on aggression (β=0.37, P<0.001), and problematic smartphone use on sleep disturbance (β=0.42, P<0.001). Also, sleep quality significantly mediated in the relationship between problematic smartphone use and aggression (β=0.15, P<0.01). 
Conclusion: According to the present findings, problematic smartphone use and sleep disturbance are two important factors affecting aggressive behavior among university students. These findings highlight the critical role of early intervention for aggression with a focus on those with problematic smartphone use and more specifically those with sleep disturbance.

---

Background: Infertility is one of the most painful experiences of life leads to marital burnout. Psychological, emotional, and social factors affect marital burnout of infertile women. This study was done to predict marital burnout based on feelings of loneliness and emotional divorce in infertile women.
Methods: The method of the research was descriptive-correlational. The participants were women (aged 25-45) referring to Ibn-e Sina Infertility Clinic in 2019 in Tehran. A sample of 175 participants was selected by convenience sampling and completed the Marital Burnout questionnaire, Feeling of Longlines questionnaire, and Emotional Divorce questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression using SPSS v. 22. 
Results: The results indicated that there was a significant and positive relationship between loneliness and its subscales (lack of intimacy and lack of social network) (r= 0.62) and also a positive and significant relationship was found between emotional divorce and its subscales (feeling of separation from each other, feeling of loneliness the need for a companion, boredom, and restlessness) and marital burnout (r= 0.65). Also, feeling lonely and its subscales and emotional divorce and its subscales could predict the marital boredom of infertile women (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Feeling lonely and emotional divorce have a significant and positive relationship with marital boredom and can predict marital boredom in infertile women.

---

Background: The community participation concept has different implications for various individuals.
Methods: This research was Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), which was done in Yazd. The settlement area with a population of 16,000 people is located on the western outskirts of Yazd. With the implementation of health transformation programs in the 11th government, first, the health base in 2016 and then, Dr. Malekafzali Comprehensive Health Services Center in this area have been set up and started to work in 2016 to provide various health services to the residents of this area. Considering the potentials of this neighborhood, including high social cohesion and the existence of a dynamic and popular non-governmental organization, since 2017, this place has been a candidate for the implementation of empowerment and optimal development of neighborhood health (Tabassom project). The steps of implementing the optimal Health development plan (Tabasaom) involved five steps of the area identification, organizing, empowerment, requirement assessment, and intervention and action. The stage of intervention and action was covered in this article.
Results: Most of the problems that appeared in this study were non-health issues, encompassing a wide range of issues in other social, cultural, and economic fields.
Conclusion: Identified issues consisted of a wide variety of problems that were needed to be resolved through interdisciplinary activities, the support of managers and officials, and the active participation of the community.

---

Background: The current outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has distorted the physical, mental, and psychological condition of healthcare workers. There is a paucity of research exploring the relationship between psychological resilience and post-traumatic stress symptoms and no existing literature examining the mediating role of meaning in life in the relationship between these two constructs. The objective of the study was to examine if meaning in life mediates the relationship between psychological resilience and post-traumatic stress symptoms.
Methods: The research design was descriptive – correlational. A total of 337 healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in public hospitals in Tehran, Iran were selected using convenience sampling method. The self-administered questionnaire included demographic information, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and the Impact of Event Scale- Revised (IES-R). Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed to test whether the proposed relationships between variables involved existed.
Results: The results showed that psychological resilience (β= -0.09, P<0.05) and meaning in life (β= -0.41, P<0.01) exert significant and negative direct effect on post-traumatic stress symptoms. The SEM analysis confirmed the mediating role of meaning in life in the relationship psychological resilience and post-traumatic stress symptoms was significant (β= -0.15, P<0.01).
Conclusion: The research concluded that psychological resilience and meaning in life of healthcare workers affected their psychological conditions. Efforts to reduce post-traumatic stress symptoms among healthcare workers may benefit from practices for promoting psychological resilience and meaning in life.

---