Volume 16, Issue 1 (Jan & Feb 2026)
J Research Health 2026, 16(1): 29-38 |
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Singh A, Kumar M. Psychometrics of the General Self-efficacy Tool Among Indian Homemakers. J Research Health 2026; 16 (1) :29-38
URL: http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2826-en.html
URL: http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2826-en.html
1- Amity Institute of Behavioural & Allied Sciences, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India.
2- Amity Institute of Behavioural & Allied Sciences, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India. ,mksahu4135@gmail.com
2- Amity Institute of Behavioural & Allied Sciences, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India. ,
Abstract: (2370 Views)
Background: Self-efficacy plays a crucial role in determining individuals’ overall well-being and empowerment, particularly among early-adulthood homemakers in India. Despite its importance, research on the psychometric properties of the general self-efficacy scale (GSES) in India is scarce. This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by examining the reliability and validity of the GSES among early-adulthood homemakers in India.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 full-time homemakers in Chhattisgarh, India, selected through stratified random sampling. The participants were women aged 20-40 years, married for at least one year, with a minimum 12th-grade education in English medium. The sample size was determined using G*Power software, version 3.1 analysis. We used a demographic characteristics checklist and the 10-item GSES, assessing validity and reliability through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Cronbach’s α.
Results: EFA yielded a 4-factor model that accounted for 64.14% of the variance with factor loadings ranging from 0.57 to 0.84. CFA confirmed a four-factor model with a satisfactory model fit indices (CFI=0.895, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=0.782, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.084 and standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]=0.044). However, internal consistency (Cronbach’s α between 0.466 and 0.678) of the three factors was low. Therefore, despite the EFA results, we recommend the original one-factor model for the GSE scale (CFI=0.769, TLI=0.745, RMSEA=0.098 and SRMR=0.064) in the Indian population due to its higher internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.74).
Conclusion: This study validates the original GSES as a reliable tool for measuring self-efficacy among early-adulthood homemakers in India, enabling its application in research, interventions, and policy development to promote women’s empowerment and well-being.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 full-time homemakers in Chhattisgarh, India, selected through stratified random sampling. The participants were women aged 20-40 years, married for at least one year, with a minimum 12th-grade education in English medium. The sample size was determined using G*Power software, version 3.1 analysis. We used a demographic characteristics checklist and the 10-item GSES, assessing validity and reliability through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Cronbach’s α.
Results: EFA yielded a 4-factor model that accounted for 64.14% of the variance with factor loadings ranging from 0.57 to 0.84. CFA confirmed a four-factor model with a satisfactory model fit indices (CFI=0.895, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=0.782, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.084 and standardized root mean square residual [SRMR]=0.044). However, internal consistency (Cronbach’s α between 0.466 and 0.678) of the three factors was low. Therefore, despite the EFA results, we recommend the original one-factor model for the GSE scale (CFI=0.769, TLI=0.745, RMSEA=0.098 and SRMR=0.064) in the Indian population due to its higher internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.74).
Conclusion: This study validates the original GSES as a reliable tool for measuring self-efficacy among early-adulthood homemakers in India, enabling its application in research, interventions, and policy development to promote women’s empowerment and well-being.
Keywords: Homemakers, Psychometric, Assessment, General self-efficacy scale (GSES), Validation study
Type of Study: Orginal Article |
Subject:
● Psychosocial Health
Received: 2025/06/24 | Accepted: 2025/08/3 | Published: 2026/01/1
Received: 2025/06/24 | Accepted: 2025/08/3 | Published: 2026/01/1
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